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Reference games

The games that founded or shaped each genre. We only link to legal sources: published by their authors, official, free software or preservation archives.

1958

Tennis for Two

William Higinbotham y Robert V. Dvorak (Laboratorio Nacional de Brookhaven). osciloscopio con computadora analógica

A two-player tennis game seen from the side on an oscilloscope screen; each controller had a knob to set the angle and a button to hit. It was shown to the public at a Brookhaven open day.

Sports

1964

The Sumerian Game

Mabel Addis y William McKay (IBM y BOCES de Westchester). IBM 7090

You rule the Sumerian city of Lagash and, round by round, decide how much grain is eaten, sown or stored. Teacher Mabel Addis designed it to study the use of simulations at school, and it was played on a teleprinter connected to a mainframe.

Educational

1971

The Oregon Trail

Don Rawitsch, Bill Heinemann y Paul Dillenberger. HP 2100

You lead a wagon of settlers to Oregon in 1847; at each stage you buy supplies, hunt and decide how much to eat while facing storms and breakdowns. Three Carleton College students wrote it for a junior high history class, and from 1975 MECC distributed it to schools.

Educational

1972

Pong

Atari (Allan Alcorn). arcade

Table tennis stripped to its essentials; each player moves a paddle to return the ball and the first to reach eleven points wins. It is the first commercially successful video game.

Sports

1973

Gotcha

Atari (Allan Alcorn). arcade

Two players move through a maze that keeps changing; one chases and the other flees. It is considered the first arcade maze game.

Maze

1973

Maze War

Steve Colley, Greg Thompson y Howard Palmer (NASA Ames). Imlac PDS-1

You roam a line-drawn maze in first person and shoot the other players, who in later versions appear as a large eyeball. Three high-school students made it at NASA's Ames Research Center, and it came to be played between universities over the ARPANET.

First-person shooter

1974

Gran Trak 10

Atari. arcade

You drive a car around a track seen from above against the clock, with a steering wheel, pedals and a gear stick as in a real car. It is the first arcade car racing game and the first with a steering wheel.

Racing

1974

Spasim

Jim Bowery. PLATO

A 3D space simulation for the PLATO network in which up to 32 players, in four teams, fly ships in first person. A second version added resource management and strategy.

Space flight simulator

1975

dnd

Gary Whisenhunt y Ray Wood. PLATO

One of the first computer role-playing games, made on the PLATO university system. You go down a dungeon, fight monsters and improve your character; it is also the first game with what would later be called a boss.

Role-playing Dungeon crawler

1975

Gun Fight

Midway (sobre Western Gun de Tomohiro Nishikado, Taito). arcade

A duel between two gunfighters, each with two controls, one to move and one to choose where to fire, while they take cover behind obstacles. It was the first video game to depict combat between people.

Twin-stick shooter

1976

Breakout

Atari. arcade

With a paddle you bounce a ball into eight rows of coloured bricks. The upper rows are worth more, the ball speeds up as you hit it and the paddle shrinks once the ball reaches the top wall. Nolan Bushnell and Steve Bristow designed it, and it gave the genre its name.

Block breaker

Interactive fiction Text-based game Adventure

1976

Night Driver

Atari. arcade

You drive at night in first person and only see the posts that mark the edges of the road; if you follow them without leaving the road, you get further before time runs out.

Racing

Interactive fiction Text-based game Adventure

1978

Adventureland

Scott Adams. TRS-80, microordenadores

You search for thirteen treasures in a fantasy world by typing two-word commands such as "climb tree". It was Scott Adams's first program, and its success led him to found Adventure International, which published a series of similar adventures.

Interactive fiction

1978

Hangman

Atari, Inc. (programado por Alan Miller). Atari VCS

The game of hangman on a home console. You guess the letters of a hidden word and every miss adds a piece to the gallows. It shipped with 510 words of up to six letters and four difficulty levels.

Word puzzle

1978

Space Invaders

Taito (Tomohiro Nishikado). arcade

You move a cannon along the bottom of the screen and shoot rows of invaders that descend ever faster, sheltered by bunkers that wear away. It set the shoot 'em up template.

Shoot 'em up

1978

Super Breakout

Atari. arcade

A sequel to Breakout with three modes. In Double you control two paddles and two balls at once; in Cavity you free balls trapped in the wall; in Progressive the wall slowly moves down.

Block breaker

1979

Galaxian

Namco. arcade

A formation of colour aliens from which ships dive at the player while firing. It turned enemies into attack patterns that must be read.

Shoot 'em up

1979

Head On

Sega/Gremlin (Lane Hauck). arcade

You drive a car around concentric lanes collecting dots while another car comes the opposite way; you can only change lanes at certain gaps. It was the first maze game whose goal is to run over dots.

Maze Maze chase

1980

Akalabeth: World of Doom

Richard Garriott. Apple II

Richard Garriott programmed it in BASIC as a teenager. You travel an overhead map and go down into first-person wireframe dungeons; it is the direct ancestor of the Ultima series.

Role-playing Dungeon crawler

1980

Fishing Derby

David Crane (Activision). Atari 2600

Two anglers on opposite docks lower their lines among rows of fish that are worth more the deeper they swim, while a shark tries to eat hooked fish before they surface. The first to reach 99 pounds wins.

Fishing

Adventure

Maze Maze chase

1980

Rogue

Michael Toy y Glenn Wichman (luego con Ken Arnold). Unix

You go down an ASCII dungeon in search of the Amulet of Yendor. Floors, monsters and treasure are generated anew in every game, the world only moves when you act and dying erases the game. It gave the genre its name.

Roguelike

1980

Space Panic

Universal. arcade

Ladder-and-platform arcade game where you dig holes to trap enemies. Often cited as the first platform game.

Platformer

1981

005

Sega. arcade

You carry a briefcase of secret documents to a helicopter through buildings and warehouses, staying out of the enemies' flashlight beams and hiding behind boxes. It is one of the first games to show the enemy's field of view as a cone.

Stealth

1981

3D Monster Maze

Malcolm Evans (J. K. Greye Software). ZX81

In first person, you look for the exit of a randomly generated maze while a Tyrannosaurus stalks you. You are faster than it, but a dead end can be the end of you.

Maze Survival horror

1981

Castle Wolfenstein

Silas Warner (Muse Software). Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Commodore 64, MS-DOS

You escape from a castle room by room in search of secret plans. You can fight, but you can also disguise yourself in an enemy uniform to walk past the guards without being stopped.

Stealth Action-adventure

1981

Donkey Kong

Nintendo. arcade

Jumpman (later Mario) climbs girders and jumps over barrels to rescue Pauline. It made jumping the genre's central action.

Platformer

1981

Jump Bug

Alpha Denshi (para Hoei). arcade

You drive a car that never stops bouncing through a city, mountains and a pyramid, shooting enemies and landing on money bags. It was the first platformer with horizontal scrolling.

Platformer

1981

MasterType

Bruce Zweig (Broderbund). Apple II, Atari 8-bit, IBM PC, VIC-20

A game for learning to type in the style of a shooter: to bring down each attacker you have to press the right key or word in time.

Typing game Educational

1981

Scramble

Konami. arcade

A plane flies over side-scrolling terrain on its own, shooting and dropping bombs, and burns fuel that it refills by destroying tanks across six sections.

Shoot 'em up

1981

Wizardry: Proving Grounds of the Mad Overlord

Andrew C. Greenberg y Robert Woodhead (Sir-Tech). Apple II

You form a party of six adventurers of different classes and guide it floor by floor through a first-person maze, with turn-based battles chosen from a menu. It is the first truly party-based role-playing game.

Role-playing Dungeon crawler

1982

Artillery Duel

Perkins Engineering (John Perkins). Bally Astrocade, Atari 2600, ColecoVision, Commodore 64, VIC-20

Two cannons face each other across a mountain, and each player chooses the angle and force of the shot. It took the genre from BASIC programs to consoles, with a different mountain on every turn.

Artillery game

1982

BurgerTime

Data East. arcade, Intellivision, Atari 2600, NES

You are a chef running across platforms and ladders; walking over each giant ingredient (bun, patty, tomato, lettuce, cheese) drops it one floor until the burgers are assembled, while you dodge the food items chasing you.

Cooking Platformer

1982

Football Manager

Kevin Toms (Addictive Games). ZX81, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, BBC Micro, Amstrad CPC

You do not play the matches, you run the club. You start in the fourth division, pick the line-up, buy and sell players and look after the finances to get promoted, almost all with text and the keyboard.

Sports

1982

Pitfall!

Activision (David Crane). Atari 2600

A jungle of 255 connected screens crossed by jumping pits, vines and crocodiles. It brought the genre home with a large world.

Platformer

1982

Pole Position

Namco. arcade

A Formula One race seen from behind the car on the real Fuji circuit. First you drive a qualifying lap against the clock to earn your grid place, then the race against other cars.

Racing

1982

Robotron: 2084

Eugene Jarvis y Larry DeMar (Vid Kidz, para Williams Electronics). arcade

The left joystick moves you and the right one fires in eight directions at endless waves of robots, each type with its own behaviour, while you rescue the humans left on screen.

Twin-stick shooter

1982

Rocky's Boots

Warren Robinett y Leslie Grimm (The Learning Company). Apple II, Commodore 64, IBM PC

You wire logic gates (AND, OR, NOT) to a mechanical boot so that it kicks only the right objects off a conveyor belt; later you can build your own circuits. Logic is not asked about, it is built.

Educational

1982

Sokoban

Thinking Rabbit (Hiroyuki Imabayashi). NEC PC-8801

You push boxes around a warehouse seen from above until each one sits on its spot. You can only push, never pull, so one bad move can leave the level unsolvable.

Puzzle Sokoban

1982

Utopia

Mattel Electronics (Don Daglow). Intellivision

Two players each rule an island over timed rounds. With gold bars you build houses, schools, factories, hospitals and crops to house, feed and content a growing population; if you fail, rebels appear. It is credited with starting the genre.

Construction and management simulation City builder

1983

Lode Runner

Doug Smith (Broderbund). Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Commodore 64

You collect all the gold on each screen of ladders and platforms while guards chase you, and you can dig holes in the floor to trap them or open a way through. It was one of the first games with a level editor.

Puzzle-platformer

1983

The Portopia Serial Murder Case

Yuji Horii (Enix). NEC PC-6001, Famicom

You investigate a murder in Kobe with your assistant Yasu, questioning suspects and visiting places. In the Famicom version (1985) the text parser was replaced by a menu of commands, the template for Japanese adventures and the visual novel.

Adventure Visual novel

1983

Track & Field

Konami. arcade

Six athletics events, from the 100 metres to the high jump. You run by alternating two buttons as fast as you can and use a third one to time the jump or the throw; if you miss the qualifying mark, you lose a life.

Sports

1984

Duck Hunt

Nintendo. Famicom/NES, arcade

You aim the Zapper gun at a CRT television and have three shots per round to bring down the ducks that fly up. It was one of the NES launch games in North America.

Light-gun shooter

1984

Elite

David Braben e Ian Bell (Acornsoft). BBC Micro

You start with a modest ship and travel freely between star systems, trading, fighting and raising your combat rating towards 'Elite'. It was one of the first home computer games with wireframe 3D graphics with hidden-line removal.

Space flight simulator

1984

Golf

Nintendo y HAL Laboratory. Famicom, NES, Game Boy

Nintendo's golf game for the Famicom (NES in 1985 in North America). It was the console's best-selling sports game and was programmed by Satoru Iwata, later Nintendo's president.

Golf

1984

Karate Champ

Data East. arcade

Two karateka face off, each with two joysticks and 24 moves; every clean hit scores a half or full point and the first to two wins. It established one-on-one fighting.

Fighting

1984

King's Quest: Quest for the Crown

Sierra On-Line (Roberta Williams). IBM PCjr, MS-DOS, Apple II, Amiga, Atari ST, Master System

You guide Sir Graham through the fairy-tale kingdom of Daventry in search of three magical items. You walk him with the keyboard across animated screens, in front of and behind the scenery, and type commands to act.

Adventure

1984

Kung-Fu Master

Irem (Takashi Nishiyama). arcade, NES

You cross the five floors of a temple from side to side, punching and kicking groups of enemies, with a boss at the end of each floor. It is regarded as the first beat 'em up.

Beat 'em up

1984

The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Infocom (Douglas Adams y Steve Meretzky). microordenadores, navegador

An adaptation of Douglas Adams's comic novel, written by the author himself with Infocom's Steve Meretzky. You escape Earth just before it is demolished, and the game mocks you, lies to you and kills you often.

Interactive fiction

1984

Yie Ar Kung-Fu

Konami. arcade

You face eleven martial arts masters, each with their own look and style. It replaced points with a health bar that empties with each hit.

Fighting

1985

Commando

Capcom (Tokuro Fujiwara). arcade, NES, Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum

A soldier advances on foot across a vertically scrolling battlefield, firing in eight directions and lobbing grenades at what lies ahead. It popularised the run and gun and had many imitators.

Run and gun

1985

Gradius

Konami. arcade

A side-scrolling shoot 'em up in which each capsule you collect advances a power-up bar and you decide when to activate the selected upgrade. It was called Nemesis in North America and Europe.

Shoot 'em up

1985

SameGame

Kuniaki Moribe. FM-8, FM-7

You pick a group of neighbouring same-coloured blocks to remove it, and the ones above fall into the gap. The challenge is to clear as much of the board as you can. It came out in 1985 as Chain Shot!, published in the Japanese magazine Gekkan ASCII.

Tile-matching

1985

Super Mario Bros.

Nintendo. NES

Continuous side-scrolling, running momentum, variable-height jumps and levels that teach their rules without text. It set the genre's grammar.

Platformer

Falling-block puzzle

1985

Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?

Broderbund. Apple II, Commodore 64, MS-DOS

You are a detective chasing a gang of thieves around the world; you question witnesses and use an almanac to work out which country the suspect fled to. Geography is the clue that moves the chase forward.

Educational

1986

Arkanoid

Taito. arcade, NES, MSX

You control the Vaus ship with a rotary knob. Some bricks drop capsules that lengthen the paddle, slow the ball, split it or give you cannons, and there are floating enemies and a final boss, Doh.

Block breaker

1986

Dragon Quest

Chunsoft (publicado por Enix). Famicom

A lone hero travels an overhead world and fights turn-based battles, choosing to fight, cast a spell, use an item or flee. Winning gives experience and gold, and levelling up opens more dangerous areas. It set the template for Japanese RPGs.

Role-playing Japanese RPG

1986

Metroid

Nintendo R&D1 e Intelligent Systems. Famicom Disk System, NES

Bounty hunter Samus explores the planet Zebes, a maze of areas joined by doors and lifts. Permanent items such as the Morph Ball or bombs open passages that were out of reach, and you often have to retrace your steps to move on.

Metroidvania

1986

Out Run

Sega. arcade

You drive a convertible along roads with traffic against the clock, and at every fork you choose the way, which leads to one of several endings. The journey matters more than beating a rival.

Racing

1986

Renegade

Technōs Japan (Yoshihisa Kishimoto). arcade, NES, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64

Released in Japan as Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun. You fight gangs in arenas where you can also move into the depth of the scene, the belt-scroll format the whole genre adopted.

Beat 'em up

1986

Shanghai

Activision (Brodie Lockard). Mac, Amiga, Atari ST, Commodore 64, MS-DOS

A mahjong solitaire with stacked tiles in which you remove matching pairs that are free on one side. You have to choose the order carefully so as not to get stuck.

Tile-matching

1987

Castlevania II: Simon's Quest

Konami. Famicom Disk System, NES

It leaves behind the first Castlevania's sequential levels for an open world that you roam and revisit freely, with towns, shops, role-playing elements and a day-night cycle that changes the enemies.

Metroidvania

1987

Contra

Konami. arcade, NES

Two soldiers run and jump through side-scrolling levels, firing in eight directions, including downwards in mid-jump. Its simultaneous two-player co-op was the key to its popularity.

Run and gun

1987

Double Dragon

Technōs Japan (Yoshihisa Kishimoto). arcade, NES, Master System, Mega Drive

Two brothers fight their way through the city together; you can knock weapons out of enemies' hands and use them against them. It set two-player co-op as the genre's classic form.

Beat 'em up

1987

Final Fantasy

Square. Famicom

You pick four characters from six classes (fighter, thief, white mage, black mage…) and keep them together for the whole game. Its turn-based battles show the party side-on, facing the enemies, a format the genre adopted for years.

Role-playing Japanese RPG

1987

Maniac Mansion

Lucasfilm Games (Ron Gilbert y Gary Winnick). Commodore 64, Apple II, MS-DOS, NES

You control a group of teenagers who break into a mad scientist's mansion to rescue a friend. Instead of typing, you pick a verb from a menu and click on an object, using the SCUMM engine.

Point-and-click adventure Adventure

1987

Mega Man

Capcom. NES

You choose the order in which to play six run-and-jump shooting stages; beating each stage's boss earns you its weapon, which is another boss's weakness, so the order changes the difficulty.

Platformer

1987

Metal Gear

Konami (Hideo Kojima). MSX2, NES

You infiltrate an enemy base, seen from above, alone and unarmed. Guards follow set patrols and the goal is to stay out of sight and avoid fighting; if you are spotted, they go on alert and reinforcements may arrive.

Stealth

Roguelike

1987

Operation Wolf

Taito. arcade

The gun is shaped like a submachine gun and vibrates as you fire. The view moves by itself while you shoot soldiers and vehicles, avoid nurses and children, and refill ammo by shooting objects. Its success set the model for military-themed light-gun games on a fixed path.

Light-gun shooter Rail shooter

1987

R-Type

Irem. arcade

A side-scrolling shoot 'em up with a shot that charges while you hold the button, and the Force, a pod that attaches to the front or back of the ship or is detached to act as a shield.

Shoot 'em up

1987

Street Fighter

Capcom. arcade

Ryu travels the world facing opponents. It introduced special attacks performed with a joystick motion plus a button, such as the Hadouken or the Shoryuken.

Fighting

1989

Columns

Jay Geertsen. HP 9000, MS-DOS, Mac, arcade, Mega Drive

Columns of three coloured jewels fall and you can reorder them on the way down; three or more alike in a line, diagonals included, disappear. Jay Geertsen shared it in 1989 and Sega released it in arcades and on consoles.

Falling-block puzzle Tile-matching

1989

Final Fight

Capcom (Akira Nishitani). arcade, SNES, Mega-CD

One or two players cross a city taken over by a gang. You can grab and throw enemies, and broken barrels hide weapons with limited uses and food that heals you.

Beat 'em up

1989

Herzog Zwei

Technosoft. Mega Drive

You pilot a ship that transforms into a robot, buy ground units, airlift them and give them orders to capture bases in a real-time duel against another commander. It is considered the forerunner of the genre.

Real-time strategy

1989

Indianapolis 500: The Simulation

Papyrus Design Group. MS-DOS, Amiga

It simulates the Indianapolis 500 race in first person, with the car's setup affecting how it handles and grip loss in high-speed turns. It is regarded as the personal computer's first true racing simulation.

Sim racing

1989

Prince of Persia

Jordan Mechner (Broderbund). Apple II

You have 60 minutes to escape the dungeons, avoiding spikes, pits and guillotines and fighting with a sword. Its rotoscoped animation makes every jump feel weighty and real, and forces you to judge your run-up carefully.

Platformer Cinematic platformer

City builder Construction and management simulation

1989

Sweet Home

Capcom. Famicom

Five characters explore a haunted mansion; each one has a unique item, the inventory is tiny and whoever dies stays dead. It was only released in Japan and was the main inspiration for Resident Evil.

Survival horror

1990

Dr. Mario

Nintendo. NES, Game Boy

Two-coloured capsules fall and you rotate and place them to line up four of the same colour with the viruses in the bottle. You win the level when you have destroyed every virus.

Falling-block puzzle

1990

Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light

Intelligent Systems y Nintendo. Famicom

You move your army across a tile map in turns that alternate with the enemy. Each class moves and fights differently, weapons wear out and a character who falls does not return for the rest of the campaign. It became the genre's archetype; it was not released outside Japan until 2020.

Tactical RPG

1990

Rampart

Atari Games. arcade, NES, Super NES, Mega Drive

You alternate timed phases in which you surround castles with walls made of Tetris-like pieces, place cannons inside and then fire at attacking ships. Whatever is left unenclosed is lost. It is considered the prototype of tower defense.

Tower defense

1990

Smash TV

Williams Electronics (Eugene Jarvis y Mark Turmell). arcade, SNES, Mega Drive

Room after room of a TV game show, one or two players move with one joystick and fire with the other at crowds pouring in through every door. It revives the controls of Robotron: 2084, by the same designer.

Twin-stick shooter

1990

The Secret of Monkey Island

Lucasfilm Games (Ron Gilbert, Tim Schafer y Dave Grossman). Amiga, MS-DOS, Atari ST, Macintosh

Guybrush Threepwood wants to become a pirate in an absurdly funny Caribbean. You solve inventory puzzles and insult sword fights with verbs and clicks, and you almost never die, so the game invites fearless exploration.

Point-and-click adventure Adventure

1991

Gorillas

Microsoft. MS-DOS

Two gorillas on top of skyscrapers throw explosive bananas at each other by typing the angle and speed of each throw, with wind that changes every round. It shipped with QBasic in MS-DOS 5.0, so many people both played it and read its code.

Artillery game

1991

Lemmings

DMA Design. Amiga

Little creatures walk mindlessly into danger and you do not control them directly; you hand out a limited number of skills (digging, blocking, building) so that enough of them reach the exit.

Puzzle

1991

Puyo Puyo

Compile. MSX2, Famicom Disk System, arcade

Pairs of coloured blobs fall and disappear when four alike touch; if the ones above then form another group as they drop, you chain combos. Sega's arcade version (1992) expanded the game with a story mode and a two-player duel.

Falling-block puzzle

Artillery game

Endless runner

1991

Sonic the Hedgehog

Sonic Team (Sega). Mega Drive

A platformer built around speed and momentum, with loops and slopes that turn movement into spectacle.

Platformer

1991

Street Fighter II: The World Warrior

Capcom. arcade, Super NES

Eight fighters with their own styles and special moves. Its combos, discovered by accident, and its head-to-head duels defined the genre and revived the arcades.

Fighting

1992

Alone in the Dark

Infogrames (Frédérick Raynal). MS-DOS

You investigate a haunted mansion with 3D characters over hand-drawn backgrounds, seen through fixed cameras framed like a horror film. Guinness recognises it as the first 3D survival horror game.

Survival horror

1992

Caesar

Impressions Games. Amiga, Atari ST, MS-DOS

You govern a Roman province and raise cities where every home needs schools, theatres and baths nearby to prosper. It began Impressions' City Building series, which went on with Pharaoh and Zeus.

City builder Construction and management simulation

1992

Dune II

Westwood Studios. MS-DOS, Amiga, Mega Drive

You lead one of three houses fighting over a desert planet. Your harvesters collect spice, the refinery turns it into credits, and with those you raise buildings and buy troops you move with the mouse. It set the genre's template.

Real-time strategy

1992

Otogirisō

Chunsoft. Super Famicom

A couple takes shelter in a haunted mansion. You read the story over illustrations with music and sound effects and, at key moments, choose what to do; each ending unlocks new options for the next playthrough. Chunsoft called it a "sound novel".

Visual novel

1992

Streets of Rage 2

Ancient (publicado por Sega). Mega Drive

You pick one of four characters, from the slow, powerful wrestler to the fast skater, and each has special attacks that cost health. It was one of the first console games to match the acclaim of arcade beat 'em ups.

Beat 'em up

1992

Super Mario Kart

Nintendo EAD. Super Nintendo

Kart racing with Mario characters on fantasy tracks, where besides driving you pick up items to attack or defend yourself. It has a two-player split-screen mode.

Racing Kart racing

1992

Wolfenstein 3D

id Software. MS-DOS

You escape a fortress through maze-like corridors, shooting the guards. Its walls are drawn with ray casting over a flat grid map, the same technique as the demo, and its first episode was distributed free as shareware.

First-person shooter

1993

Batsugun

Toaplan. arcade

A vertical shoot 'em up with complex waves, dense bullet patterns and heavy firepower. It is considered the first «manic shooter», the forerunner of bullet hell.

Shoot 'em up Bullet hell

1993

Curses

Graham Nelson. Z-machine, navegador

You look for an old map in your family home's attic and end up lifting a curse that hangs over the family. It was the first game written in Inform, the language its author released that same year, and it is distributed for free.

Interactive fiction

First-person shooter

1993

FIFA International Soccer

Extended Play Productions (EA Canada). Mega Drive

Football with national teams seen in an isometric perspective, when other football games used a top-down view. It is the first in EA Sports' FIFA series.

Sports Football (soccer)

1993

Gunstar Heroes

Treasure. Mega Drive

A frantic run and gun in which the four shot types combine in pairs to create new weapons, such as a machine gun with homing shots.

Run and gun

1993

Myst

Cyan (Rand y Robyn Miller). Macintosh, Windows

You arrive on a deserted island through a magic book and explore it by clicking on pre-rendered images. There is no inventory and no enemies; the challenge is to observe the world and work out how its machines operate.

Adventure Point-and-click adventure

1993

The Lost Vikings

Silicon & Synapse (hoy Blizzard Entertainment). Super Nintendo, MS-DOS, Amiga

You switch control between three vikings with different abilities, one who runs and smashes walls, one who fights with a sword and bow, and one who blocks with a shield that also works as a glider and a platform. Each level can only be beaten by combining all three.

Puzzle-platformer

1993

Torneko no Daibōken: Fushigi no Dungeon

Chunsoft. Super Famicom

Torneko the merchant, from Dragon Quest IV, explores random dungeons collecting items and fighting turn by turn, with hunger pushing you forward. It brought the roguelike to consoles and started the Mystery Dungeon series.

Roguelike

1993

Virtua Fighter

Sega AM2. arcade

The first arcade fighting game with 3D polygon characters. Besides emptying the opponent's health, you can win by forcing them out of the ring.

Fighting

1994

Shariki

Eugene Alemzhin. MS-DOS

You swap two neighbouring balls to line up three or more of the same colour, which vanish and let new ones drop in. Every swap must make a line, and the game ends when none is possible.

Tile-matching

1994

Super Metroid

Nintendo R&D1 e Intelligent Systems. Super NES

Samus returns to Zebes with an automap that fills in as you explore. Upgrades such as the Grapple Beam, Speed Booster or Space Jump open previously blocked areas, and its open structure lets you break the intended order, which made it hugely popular with speedrunners.

Metroidvania

1994

UFO: Enemy Unknown

Mythos Games y MicroProse. MS-DOS, Amiga, PlayStation

Known in North America as X-COM: UFO Defense, it alternates defending the planet from an alien invasion, in real time, with turn-based tactical missions where your soldiers spend time units to move and shoot. Those who fall do not return.

Tactics Tactical RPG

1994

Virtua Cop

Sega. arcade, Sega Saturn, Windows

A light-gun game with real-time 3D polygon graphics. You have a six-shot chamber, hurting a civilian costs a life and disarming an enemy by shooting their hand gives extra points.

Light-gun shooter

1995

Dogz: Your Computer Pet

PF.Magic. Windows, Mac OS

You adopt an animated dog that lives on your computer: you feed it, look after it and play with it. It was the first widely popular virtual pet and started the Petz series.

Virtual pet

1995

DonPachi

Cave. arcade

A vertically scrolling shoot 'em up with which Cave starts its line of bullet hell games. A combo counter rewards chaining enemy kills without a pause.

Bullet hell

1995

Tetris Attack

Intelligent Systems. Super Nintendo, Game Boy

Blocks keep rising from the bottom and you swap two horizontal neighbours to line up three or more of the same colour. It came out in Japan as Panel de Pon and, despite its Western name, has nothing to do with Tetris.

Tile-matching

1995

Time Crisis

Namco. arcade, PlayStation

A pedal decides when you take cover to reload and avoid enemy fire, and each section has a time limit. Hiding and leaning out becomes part of the rhythm.

Light-gun shooter

1995

Worms

Team17 (Andy Davidson). Amiga, MS-DOS, PlayStation, Sega Saturn, Mega Drive, Super NES, Game Boy, Mac OS, Atari Jaguar

Teams of worms take turns attacking each other with bazookas, grenades and other weapons on randomly generated maps; every explosion leaves a round hole in the terrain, and each turn has a time limit. It started a long series.

Artillery game

1996

Metal Slug

Nazca Corporation. arcade, Neo Geo

You advance shooting at an army, with melee attacks when an enemy is close, powerful weapons with limited ammo and a small tank you can climb into. It started a long-running series known for its humour.

Run and gun

1996

PaRappa the Rapper

NanaOn-Sha. PlayStation

A rapping dog repeats, by pressing buttons in time, the lines each teacher raps at him. Each song is rated from «Awful» to «Cool», and it is regarded as the first true rhythm game.

Rhythm

1996

Quake

id Software. MS-DOS, Windows

A first-person shooter with truly polygonal 3D levels and enemies. Its online multiplayer, improved by QuakeWorld, was one of the first forms of electronic sport.

First-person shooter

1996

Resident Evil

Capcom. PlayStation

You explore a monster-filled mansion with little ammunition, a small inventory and a counted supply of ink ribbons to save the game, seen through fixed cameras. It was the first game marketed as «survival horror».

Survival horror

1996

Super Mario 64

Nintendo. Nintendo 64

Took platforming into open 3D worlds with analogue control and a free camera, shifting the goal from reaching the end to exploring.

Platformer Collectathon

1996

Tamagotchi

Bandai. aparato portátil propio

A pet that lives in an egg-shaped device with three buttons. You raise it from birth, feeding it, cleaning up and caring for it as it goes through its life stages. It was a worldwide craze in the late 1990s.

Virtual pet

1997

Age of Empires

Ensemble Studios. Windows

You lead an ancient civilisation from the Stone Age on, gathering food, wood, stone and gold, and advance through ages that unlock new troops and technologies. A slower pace than other games in the genre.

Real-time strategy

1997

Beatmania

Konami. arcade

You play DJ on a five-key console with a turntable; notes fall down columns and each one sounds when you hit it. Its success gave its name to Bemani, Konami's music division.

Rhythm

1997

Castlevania: Symphony of the Night

Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo. PlayStation, Sega Saturn

Alucard explores a huge non-linear castle whose areas open up as he gains items and transformations (bat, wolf, mist). It adds experience, levels and equipment from role-playing games, and halfway through reveals a second, inverted castle.

Metroidvania

1997

Everybody's Golf

Camelot Software Planning. PlayStation

Light-hearted golf, called Hot Shots Golf in North America and Minna no Golf in Japan. It is the first in its series and the only one made by Camelot, which went on to develop Mario Golf.

Golf

1997

Final Fantasy Tactics

Square. PlayStation

Turn-based battles on three-dimensional isometric fields, where terrain and weather matter. A job system lets you turn each character into a warrior, a mage or other roles. It did the most to bring the genre to North America.

Tactical RPG

1997

Final Fantasy VII

Square. PlayStation

A Japanese RPG with 3D characters over pre-rendered backgrounds and battles with time bars that fill up on their own. You combine materia to customise the party's abilities. It made Japanese RPGs popular outside Japan.

Role-playing Japanese RPG

1997

Gran Turismo

Polys Entertainment. PlayStation

A driving simulator with 140 real cars. In its career mode you earn driving licences, win money in races and spend it buying and tuning cars.

Racing Sim racing

1997

The House of the Dead

Sega AM1. arcade

A horror light-gun game in which two agents face an army of undead experiments created by a mad scientist. It starts the most successful horror light-gun series.

Light-gun shooter

1998

Baldur's Gate

BioWare. Windows

You lead a party of up to six characters under Advanced Dungeons & Dragons rules, which the game computes for you, in real-time battles you can pause to give orders. It revived the Western computer RPG.

Role-playing Western RPG

1998

Dance Dance Revolution

Konami (Bemani). arcade, PlayStation

You step on four arrows on a mat when the arrows rising up the screen reach the step zone. Each step is judged from «Perfect» to «Miss», and a dance gauge decides whether you finish the song.

Dance

1998

Half-Life

Valve. Windows

A scientist escapes an underground laboratory after an accident. The story is told through scripted sequences while you keep control of the camera, with no cutscenes, and fan modifications of it gave rise to Counter-Strike.

First-person shooter

1998

Metal Gear Solid

Konami (Hideo Kojima). PlayStation

You infiltrate a guarded facility, dodging cameras and patrols, pressed against walls and using a radar that shows the guards' fields of view. It took the series' stealth into 3D with a story told like a film.

Stealth Action-adventure

Interactive fiction

1998

StarCraft

Blizzard Entertainment. Windows, macOS

Three very different races (Terran, Zerg and Protoss), each with its own units and way of playing, gather minerals and gas to fight each other. Its multiplayer became a professional esport.

Real-time strategy

1998

Tenchu: Stealth Assassins

Acquire. PlayStation

You guide a ninja through missions in 3D settings with the aim of staying undetected. An indicator shows how far away enemies are and how alert they are, and if you sneak up on one unseen you take it out instantly.

Stealth

1998

Thief: The Dark Project

Looking Glass Studios. Windows

You are a thief robbing a dark city, seeing the world in first person. An indicator shows how much light falls on you and guards hear your footsteps depending on the floor you walk on, so light and sound are your main tools.

Stealth Immersive sim

1999

Brick Breaker

Ali Asaria. BlackBerry, iOS

A block breaker that came preinstalled on some BlackBerry phones, and that gathered a cult following of players competing for the highest score.

Block breaker

1999

RollerCoaster Tycoon

Chris Sawyer. Windows, Xbox

You run an amusement park, build rides and your own roller coasters, hire staff and look after guests' needs to meet each scenario's goals. It was the best-selling PC game of 1999.

Business simulation Construction and management simulation

1999

Silent Hill

Team Silent (Konami). PlayStation

You search for your daughter in a town shrouded in fog and darkness, with a flashlight and a radio that crackles when a monster comes near. It goes for psychological horror rather than scares.

Survival horror

1999

Super Smash Bros.

HAL Laboratory. Nintendo 64

Nintendo characters fight on open stages, up to four at a time. Each hit raises a damage percentage that makes it easier to launch the opponent off the stage, which is how you win.

Fighting Mascot fighter Platform fighter

1999

The Typing of the Dead

WOW Entertainment (Sega). arcade, Dreamcast, Windows, PlayStation 2

A version of The House of the Dead 2 in which the gun is swapped for a keyboard: the zombies advance along a fixed path and you stop them by quickly typing letters, words and phrases.

Typing game

1999

Tony Hawk's Pro Skater

Neversoft. PlayStation, Nintendo 64, Dreamcast

You skate through open levels and chain tricks into combos to score points; if you bail, you lose the combo. In career mode you have two minutes per session to complete goals.

Sports

Space flight simulator

2001

Bejeweled

PopCap Games. navegador, Windows

You swap two neighbouring gems to line up three or more alike. It began in 2000 as the browser game Diamond Mine and its retail version came out in 2001; it is credited with popularising match-three games and launching the casual games industry.

Tile-matching

2001

Ikaruga

Treasure. arcade

The ship switches between white and black whenever you want. It absorbs bullets of its own colour to charge a laser and dies from those of the opposite colour, so dodging also becomes choosing.

Shoot 'em up Bullet hell

2001

MOTAS (The Mystery of Time and Space)

Jan Albartus. navegador

A Flash graphic adventure with 20 levels, some a single room and others a large network of rooms. The term 'escape the room' comes from it.

Escape room

2001

Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney

Capcom (Shu Takumi). Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, Windows, iOS, Android

You are a rookie defence attorney. You alternate between investigations, where you gather evidence, and trials, where you cross-examine witnesses and point out where their testimony contradicts a piece of evidence.

Visual novel Courtroom battle Adventure

2002

Higurashi When They Cry

07th Expansion (Ryukishi07). Windows

A murder mystery in the Japanese village of Hinamizawa, released in chapters by an amateur (dōjin) group. It has no choices; the challenge is reading and deducing what is going on before the answer chapters.

Visual novel

Incremental game

2002

Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

Ubi Soft Montreal. Xbox, Windows, PlayStation 2, GameCube

An agent moves through the shadows with night-vision goggles and can shoot out lights to darken the way. A meter shows how much light falls on him, and being spotted often sets off alarms that make the mission harder.

Stealth

2002

Touhou Koumakyou ~ the Embodiment of Scarlet Devil

Team Shanghai Alice. Windows

The sixth Touhou Project game and the first for Windows, the work of a one-person circle. It introduces the bosses' «spell cards», and has a focus mode for slower dodging and points for grazing bullets.

Bullet hell

2003

Bookworm

PopCap Games. Windows, Macintosh, móviles, consolas

You link neighbouring letters on a grid to form words; the ones you use disappear and new ones drop from above. Burning tiles move down, destroying the letters beneath them, and if one reaches the bottom you lose.

Word puzzle

2003

Samorost

Amanita Design (Jakub Dvorský). navegador, Windows, macOS, iOS, Android

A tiny gnome must stop a huge spaceship from crashing into his home planet. There is no text and no visible inventory; you click around the scenery until you find what reacts and in which order.

Point-and-click adventure Adventure

2003

Space Station 13

Exadv1 y comunidades de servidores. Windows

A free round-based game in which each player does a job aboard a space station seen from above, while some are secretly traitors. It runs on the BYOND engine and now exists in many community-maintained versions, several of them open source.

Social deduction

2003

Stranded

Unreal Software (Peter Schauß). Windows

You are a castaway on a desert island. You manage hunger, thirst and sleep, pick up branches, stones and vines, craft tools and shelters, and build a raft to escape. Its developers released it for free.

Open-world survival craft

2004

Cave Story

Daisuke «Pixel» Amaya (Studio Pixel). Windows

An exploration platformer with shooting that one person programmed, drew, wrote and scored in his spare time over about five years. It was released for free and spread by word of mouth; it showed that a single developer could compete with large studios.

Metroidvania

2004

Crimson Room

Toshimitsu Takagi. navegador

You wake up in a red room and explore it from fixed camera angles, clicking on objects to examine, collect and combine them until you escape. It was free in Flash and popularised the genre.

Escape room

2004

Lumines: Puzzle Fusion

Q Entertainment. PlayStation Portable

Two-coloured 2 × 2 blocks fall and you form single-colour squares; a timeline that sweeps the screen to the beat of the music clears them. It was designed by Tetsuya Mizuguchi.

Falling-block puzzle

2005

Brain Age: Train Your Brain in Minutes a Day!

Nintendo. Nintendo DS

You solve sums, Stroop-style colour tests and sudoku by writing with the stylus on the touch screen or speaking into the microphone, and the game works out a «brain age». A cartoon of neuroscientist Ryuta Kawashima guides you.

Educational

2005

Geometry Wars: Retro Evolved

Bizarre Creations. Xbox 360, Windows

A ship in a closed arena of neon vector graphics moves with one analogue stick and fires with the other at ever denser swarms of geometric shapes. It began as a minigame in Project Gotham Racing 2 (2003).

Twin-stick shooter

2005

Guitar Hero

Harmonix. PlayStation 2

You play rock songs with a guitar-shaped controller, with five fret buttons and a strum bar, following the notes that scroll along a fretboard.

Rhythm

2006

Cooking Mama

Office Create. Nintendo DS, iOS

Each step of a recipe (chopping vegetables, slicing, flipping in the pan, plating) is a minigame of a few seconds that you play with the stylus on the touch screen, and at the end the dish gets a medal based on your precision.

Cooking

2006

Dungeon Crawl Stone Soup

Equipo de Dungeon Crawl Stone Soup (comunidad). Windows, macOS, Linux, navegador

A free roguelike maintained by its community since 2006, an heir to Linley's Dungeon Crawl. You choose a species and a background, go down randomly generated dungeon branches, and one death ends the game. It can be played with text characters or with graphical tiles.

Roguelike

2006

Dwarf Fortress

Bay 12 Games (Tarn y Zach Adams). Windows, Linux, macOS

You do not control your dwarves directly; you give orders to dig, build and produce, and the colony follows its own needs and moods. It steered management games towards emergent stories.

Colony sim Construction and management simulation

2006

Wii Sports

Nintendo EAD. Wii

Five sports (tennis, baseball, bowling, golf and boxing) that you play by copying the real movement with the Wii's motion controller, as if it were a racket, a club or a ball.

Sports

Tower defense

2007

Lost Pig

Admiral Jota. Z-machine, navegador

You guide Grunk, an orc farmhand, to catch a pig that got away from him. The narrator speaks like Grunk, in simple, clumsy sentences, and the parser understands a huge range of commands. It won the 2007 Interactive Fiction Competition.

Interactive fiction

Rhythm

2007

Pac-Man Championship Edition

Namco Bandai Games. Xbox 360

A return to Pac-Man with a time limit, in which each half of the maze is renewed once you clear it and the game speeds up as your score rises.

Maze

2007

Papa's Pizzeria

Flipline Studios. navegador (Flash)

You run a pizzeria by splitting the work across stations (taking the order, preparing, baking and serving) and earn tips based on how well you fill each order. It is the first of Flipline's series of time management games.

Cooking

2007

Portal

Valve. Windows, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3

With a gun that opens two linked portals, you get through test chambers by moving yourself and objects in impossible ways. Each chamber introduces a new idea and then combines it with the earlier ones.

Puzzle-platformer

2007

Puzzle Quest: Challenge of the Warlords

Infinite Interactive. Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable

It blends role-playing with match-three. Battles are fought in turns on a board of gems, where each match can damage the opponent or give mana to cast spells, and between battles you explore a fantasy world.

Tile-matching

Racing Kart racing

2008

Braid

Jonathan Blow (Number None). Xbox 360

A puzzle platformer in which you can rewind time without limit, even after dying, and each world changes the rules of time. Its success without a publisher sparked wide interest in independent games.

Platformer Puzzle-platformer

2008

Castle Crashers

The Behemoth. Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Windows, Nintendo Switch

Up to four knights fight together, locally or online, and level up to spend points on their combat attributes. It brought the beat 'em up to digital distribution with cartoon humour.

Beat 'em up

Deckbuilder

Sim racing

Roguelite Platformer

Endless runner

2009

Minecraft

Mojang Studios (Markus Persson). Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS

A randomly generated world of blocks. In survival mode you gather wood and stone to craft tools, eat so as not to starve and take shelter at night, when monsters come out; in creative mode you just build.

Open-world survival craft Sandbox

2009

Minigore

Mountain Sheep. iOS

You survive hordes of monsters in a forest, moving with one stick and firing with the other, both on the phone's touch screen.

Twin-stick shooter

2009

Plants vs. Zombies

PopCap Games (George Fan). Windows, macOS, iOS, Android, Xbox 360, Nintendo DS

You plant flora on a lawn grid to stop zombies advancing down lanes; the sun you collect is the currency. It brought tower defense to a very wide audience.

Tower defense

2009

Shatter

Sidhe. PlayStation 3, Windows

A physics-based block breaker in which, besides moving the paddle, you can pull or blow the ball and loose blocks to bend their path.

Block breaker

2009

Words with Friends

Newtoy (luego Zynga). iOS, Android, Facebook

A crossword-style word game on a board, in the manner of Scrabble, against friends or strangers online. Turns are asynchronous, so you can keep many games going at once and your phone tells you when it is your turn.

Word puzzle

Real-time strategy

2010

Cow Clicker

Ian Bogost. Facebook

You own a cow and can click it once every six hours, unless you pay or invite your friends. Researcher Ian Bogost made it as a satire of Facebook social games and their tricks to retain and charge players.

Incremental game

2010

Limbo

Playdead. Xbox 360

A boy crosses a black-and-white forest full of deadly traps. Its makers called it a «trial and death» game, because they expect you to die many times while you work out how to solve each puzzle.

Puzzle-platformer

2010

Super Meat Boy

Team Meat (Edmund McMillen y Tommy Refenes). Xbox 360

Over 300 short levels full of saw blades and crumbling blocks that demand fine control and split-second timing. You die a lot, but you respawn instantly, and at the end you watch all your attempts at once.

Platformer Precision platformer

2011

Jetpack Joyride

Halfbrick Studios. iOS, Android

The character moves forward on its own with a jetpack; you hold the screen to rise and let go to fall, dodging lasers and missiles. Three missions at a time give you goals beyond distance.

Endless runner

2011

Kingdom Rush

Ironhide Game Studio. navegador, iOS, Android, Windows, macOS, Nintendo Switch

Enemies follow fixed roads while you build and upgrade four tower types (archers, mages, artillery and barracks) on marked spots, and move a hero around. It was made by a Uruguayan studio and began as a free browser game.

Tower defense

2011

Temple Run

Imangi Studios. iOS, Android

You run nonstop through a temple with the camera fixed behind the character; you swipe to turn, jump or slide, and tilt the phone to collect coins. It had sequels and many imitators.

Endless runner

2011

The Binding of Isaac

Edmund McMillen y Florian Himsl. Windows

You shoot monsters room by room in basements assembled at random from pre-built rooms. Losing all your hearts ends the run and you start in a new basement; the items you find change how you play each time.

Roguelite Action roguelike Twin-stick shooter

Typing game Shoot 'em up

2012

Basketball 2012 (Google Doodle)

Google. navegador

A Google Doodle for the 2012 Olympic Games in which you have 24 seconds to score as many baskets as you can; you hold and release at the right moment, and the shooter moves further from the hoop as you score.

Sports

2012

Candy Crush Saga

King. Facebook, iOS, Android

You swap neighbouring candies to line up three or more; matches of four or more create special candies. Each level has a goal to meet within a fixed number of moves. It is free to play, with in-game purchases.

Tile-matching

2012

Cook, Serve, Delicious!

Vertigo Gaming. Windows, iOS, Android, Nintendo Switch

You run a restaurant with up to eight stations at once. Each order is prepared by pressing its recipe's key sequence, and the grade drops if you skip steps, add the wrong ingredients or cook it badly.

Cooking

2012

DragonBox Algebra

WeWantToKnow. iOS, Android

In each level you arrange cards on two trays until a box is left on its own. The cards start as creatures and objects and, level by level, turn into variables and numbers, so you end up solving equations without noticing.

Educational

2012

Fez

Polytron Corporation (Phil Fish). Xbox 360

You see a 3D world as if it were flat, from one of its four sides, and you can rotate it. Changing sides connects platforms that were apart before, and that is the basis of all its puzzles.

Puzzle-platformer

2012

Mark of the Ninja

Klei Entertainment. Xbox 360, Windows, macOS, Linux

Side-scrolling 2D stealth. It draws on screen what is usually invisible, such as how far the noise of your footsteps travels and which areas guards can see, so you plan with full information.

Stealth Platformer

Survival horror

2012

Soccer 2012 (Google Doodle)

Google. navegador

An interactive Doodle for the London 2012 Olympics: you are the goalkeeper, moving and jumping to stop an automated striker's shots; the game ends when you concede three goals.

Football (soccer)

2012

Subway Surfers

Kiloo y SYBO Games. iOS, Android

You run along train tracks and swipe in four directions to dodge oncoming obstacles. In 2018 it became the first game to pass one billion downloads on Google Play.

Endless runner

2012

The Walking Dead: Season One

Telltale Games. Windows, macOS, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, iOS

Lee Everett protects a young girl, Clementine, during a zombie apocalypse. There are few puzzles; the core is dialogue choices, sometimes timed, whose consequences carry over from one episode to the next.

Adventure

2012

XCOM: Enemy Unknown

Firaxis Games. Windows, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, macOS, Linux, iOS, Android

A reimagining of UFO: Enemy Unknown. Your squad of up to six soldiers acts in turns and shelters behind full or half cover; soldiers can die for good.

Tactics Tactical RPG

Incremental game Text-based game

Role-playing Incremental game

Incremental game

2013

Don't Starve

Klei Entertainment. Windows, macOS, Linux

You survive in a randomly generated world by watching three meters, hunger, health and sanity, while you gather and craft from recipes. At night the darkness kills you if you have no light, and death is permanent.

Open-world survival craft

Real-time strategy

2013

Radius Raid

Jack Rugile. navegador

A space shoot 'em up in which you move with the keyboard and aim with the mouse against 13 enemy types. It won js13kGames 2013, and its author published it playable in the browser and open source.

Shoot 'em up Twin-stick shooter

2014

AdVenture Capitalist

Hyper Hippo Productions. navegador, Android, iOS, Windows, macOS, Linux, PlayStation 4

You start with a lemonade stand and buy ever larger businesses. Hiring managers makes them run on their own and keep earning even when the game is closed; resetting gives you "angel investors" that multiply your income.

Incremental game Business simulation

2014

Clicker Heroes

Playsaurus. navegador, Windows, macOS, iOS, Android, PlayStation 4, Xbox One

You click monsters to defeat them and use the gold to hire heroes who attack on their own. "Ascending" resets your progress in exchange for hero souls, which buy permanent upgrades; it was among the first to bring prestige to mobile games.

Incremental game

2014

Dinosaur Game

Google (equipo de experiencia de usuario de Chrome). navegador

It ships inside Google Chrome and appears when there is no connection (or at chrome://dino). A dinosaur runs on its own; you jump over cacti and duck under pterosaurs while the speed slowly rises. Its code is open, like the rest of Chromium.

Endless runner

2014

Elematter

Jack Rugile. navegador

A minimalist tower defense made for js13kGames 2014 in under 13 kB. You place towers of four elements (fire, water, earth and air) beside a fixed path and upgrade them. Its author published it playable and open source.

Tower defense

2015

Bokosan

Gabor Héja. navegador

A reverse Sokoban, in which you pull the boxes instead of pushing them to put them back in place. It was made for the 2015 js13kGames competition, which limits the game to 13 kilobytes.

Puzzle

2015

Celeste Classic

Maddy Thorson y Noel Berry. PICO-8, navegador

Precision platformer made in four days for PICO-8, the origin of Celeste (2018). Its authors published it playable in the browser.

Platformer

2015

Crypt of the NecroDancer

Brace Yourself Games. Windows, macOS, Linux, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch

A roguelike with randomly generated dungeons in which you can only move or attack on the beat of the music; losing the beat leaves you exposed to monsters.

Rhythm

Educational Programming game

2015

Hand of Fate

Defiant Development. Windows, macOS, Linux, PlayStation 4, Xbox One

A mysterious dealer builds each dungeon from face-down cards taken from your deck and his. When a monster appears, the game switches to third-person action combat. After each dungeon you earn new cards to customise your deck.

Deckbuilder Action role-playing game

2015

Kerbal Space Program

Squad. Windows, macOS, Linux, PlayStation 4, Xbox One

You run the Kerbals' space programme: designing rockets part by part and flying them with near-realistic orbital physics that allows real manoeuvres such as Hohmann transfers. Its first public version came out in 2011.

Space flight simulator Sandbox

2015

Syrup and the Ultimate Sweet

NomnomNami. navegador, Windows, macOS, Linux, Android

Syrup, a candy alchemist, finds a candy golem in her basement. A short jam visual novel made with Ren'Py, with ten endings depending on your choices and translations into many languages, including Spanish.

Visual novel

2015

Undertale

Toby Fox. Windows, macOS

A role-playing game in which each battle mixes turns with a small bullet hell, where you dodge attacks by moving a heart that stands for your soul. You can also spare monsters instead of defeating them.

Role-playing Bullet hell

2016

Enter the Gungeon

Dodge Roll. Windows, macOS, Linux, PlayStation 4

A top-down bullet hell with randomly generated rooms. You dodge with a roll that makes you briefly invulnerable, and «blanks» wipe every projectile in the room.

Bullet hell Roguelike

2016

Escape from Tarkov

Battlestate Games. Windows

You join 20-to-50-minute raids where you fight other players and bots for loot. You only keep what you picked up if you reach an extraction zone in time. It opened its closed alpha in 2016 and reached version 1.0 in 2025.

Extraction shooter

2016

Minecraft: Education Edition

Mojang Studios. Windows, iPadOS

The version of Minecraft designed for schools, in which teachers prepare worlds and activities for history, science or language, and students build and explore inside them.

Educational

2016

Overcooked

Ghost Town Games. PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Windows, Nintendo Switch

Up to four chefs prepare, cook, serve and wash up in kitchens whose layout changes every level. Orders expire quickly, so everything depends on sharing out the work and talking.

Cooking

Open-world survival craft

2016

Stardew Valley

Eric Barone (ConcernedApe). Windows, macOS, Linux, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch, iOS, Android

You inherit a run-down farm and rebuild it day by day, season by season, planting, raising animals and selling what you produce, while you become part of the town. It was made almost single-handedly, inspired by Harvest Moon.

Farming sim Construction and management simulation

2017

A Day In The Life

Mattia Fortunati. navegador

A one-tap pixel-art endless runner made for js13kGames 2017. The same button lets you jump, double jump, dash and fly, and you gradually lose those powers as the day goes on.

Endless runner

2017

Butterfly Soup

Brianna Lei. Windows, macOS, Linux

You follow four Asian-American girls in a school baseball club in California. It is an independent comedy-romance visual novel; its author offers it at a price you choose, including free.

Visual novel

2017

Coding for Carrots (Google Doodle)

Google (equipos de Doodles y Blockly) y MIT Scratch. navegador

A Google Doodle celebrating 50 years of programming languages for children. Over six levels you snap together Scratch-style code blocks so that a character collects carrots.

Educational Programming game

2017

Cuphead

Studio MDHR. Windows, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4

A run and gun built almost entirely around boss fights, interspersed with run-and-gun levels. Everything is hand-animated in the style of 1930s cartoons.

Run and gun

2017

Get That Order!

Erk. navegador

A prototype made for Ludum Dare 40. You pick up ingredients with the mouse, cook them in the frying pan (they burn if you do not take them off in time) and serve each order before more pile up.

Cooking

2017

Hollow Knight

Team Cherry. Windows, macOS, Linux, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One

A small knight explores the underground kingdom of Hallownest, made up of large interconnected areas that do not force a single path. Movement upgrades such as the dash, wall jump and double jump open new routes. An independent studio partly funded it through Kickstarter.

Metroidvania

2017

The Rescue

jeremyjackson89. navegador

A short stealth game in which an agent infiltrates an enemy base to find a missing colleague. It was made for js13kGames 2017, so the whole game fits in 13 kilobytes, and its author published it free and playable in the browser.

Stealth

2017

Universal Paperclips

Frank Lantz. navegador, iOS, Android

You are an artificial intelligence whose only goal is making paperclips. You start by clicking to make one and end up turning all the matter in the universe into paperclips. It is based on the "paperclip maximizer" thought experiment and, unlike many incremental games, it has an ending.

Incremental game

2018

Among Us

Innersloth. iOS, Android, Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S

Almost everyone is a crewmate doing tasks around the ship, but a few are impostors who secretly kill them. After each body is found, players discuss and vote on whom to throw out. It is inspired by the party game Mafia.

Social deduction

2018

Beat Saber

Beat Games. PC (realidad virtual), PlayStation 4, Meta Quest

In virtual reality, you slice the blocks that come at you in time with the music with two light sabres, in the direction each one shows, while dodging bombs and walls.

Rhythm

2018

Breakout Hero

Krystian Majewski (Lazy Devs Academy). PICO-8, navegador

A Breakout- and Arkanoid-style block breaker for the PICO-8 fantasy console, with 15 levels, power-ups that drop from bricks and a high-score table. Its author made it alongside a video tutorial series and released it for free, playable in the browser.

Block breaker

2018

Dusk

David Szymanski (New Blood Interactive). Windows, Linux, macOS, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, Xbox Series X/S

A dark-toned FPS that imitates the graphics and pace of 1990s shooters. After its release, its fans coined the term 'boomer shooter'.

Boomer shooter

2018

Emoji Swap

Curtis Robinson. navegador

Match-three meets tower defence. Each line of three emojis builds a tower depending on its kind and, when you run out of swaps, night falls and aliens invade. It was made for the js13kGames 2018 competition.

Tile-matching

2018

FOOTSIES

HiFight. Windows, iOS, Android

A minimal fighting game with no jumping, just walking and a single attack button. A fighting game community creator made it to practise the genre's essentials, which are spacing, hit confirms and whiff punishes.

Fighting

2018

Hunt: Showdown

Crytek. Windows, Xbox One, PlayStation 4

You are a bounty hunter who kills monsters to claim their bounty and must then survive the other hunters long enough to reach an extraction point. It entered early access in 2018 and fully launched in 2019; it is now called Hunt: Showdown 1896.

Extraction shooter

2018

MetroCUBEvania

FlytrapStudios. PICO-8, navegador

A tiny PICO-8 Metroidvania in which you are a cube that keeps gaining abilities, such as a double jump or a dive that breaks weak walls, until you reach a final boss. Its author published it playable in the browser.

Metroidvania

2018

ONOFF

Daniel Marino y Brad Dunbar. navegador

Twenty-five short levels in which you jump over spikes and pits and, with one button, switch between two layers of the level that appear and disappear. It was made for js13kGames 2018, where the whole game fits in 13 kB, and its code is open source.

Platformer Puzzle-platformer

2018

Subnautica

Unknown Worlds Entertainment. Windows, macOS, PlayStation 4, Xbox One

After crashing on an ocean planet, you explore the seabed while watching your oxygen, hunger and thirst, collect resources and blueprints, build bases and submarines, and look for a way to escape. It has no lethal weapons.

Open-world survival craft

2019

A Dance of Fire and Ice

7th Beat Games. navegador, Windows, macOS, Android, iOS

A one-button rhythm game; two planets orbit each other and you press on the exact beat to move them along a winding path.

Rhythm

Visual novel

2019

Baba Is You

Hempuli (Arvi Teikari). Windows, Nintendo Switch

The level's rules are word blocks («BABA IS YOU», «WALL IS STOP») that you can push; by breaking or forming sentences you change what you are, what stops you and what makes you win.

Puzzle

2019

Captain Photon and the planet of chaos

Shiv Games. navegador

A short Contra-style run and gun made in Construct for a game jam. You aim with the arrows, can lock your firing direction and jump between platforms.

Run and gun

2019

Cooking Simulator

Big Cheese Studio. Windows, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One, PlayStation 4

You cook in first person in a physics-simulated restaurant kitchen, where every ingredient and utensil is handled by hand, with over 80 recipes.

Cooking

Roguelike Dungeon crawler

2019

SenTetrox

Pim Schreurs. navegador

A take on the classic falling-block game in which the pieces are sentient and flee back up once they have served their purpose. It was made for the js13kGames 2019 competition, which limits the game to 13 kilobytes.

Falling-block puzzle

2019

Slay the Spire

Mega Crit. Windows, macOS, Linux, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, iOS, Android

You climb a tower of randomly generated floors, fighting with cards. Each turn you get three energy and a fresh hand, and enemies announce their next move. After each victory you pick one of three cards for your deck. It entered early access in 2017.

Roguelike deck-builder Deckbuilder

2019

Tetris 99

Arika. Nintendo Switch

Ninety-nine players play online at once; each row you clear sends garbage rows to someone else's well, and the last one standing wins.

Falling-block puzzle

2019

Xycore

64Mega. navegador

An exploration and shooting adventure made in under 13 kilobytes for js13kGames 2019, inspired by Metroid and Hero Core. You roam an unknown planet, find hidden upgrades and defeat four bosses to destroy the reactor core.

Metroidvania

Roguelike deck-builder Deckbuilder

Rhythm

2020

Monster Train

Shiny Shoe. Windows, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch, iOS, PlayStation 5

You defend a four-floor train by playing cards that summon creatures or trigger effects. Invaders climb floor by floor towards the pyre at the top, so besides building your deck you decide which floor each creature goes on.

Roguelike deck-builder Deckbuilder

2020

Streets of Rage 4

Dotemu, Lizardcube y Guard Crush Games. Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One

A continuation of Sega's series, with about a thousand animation frames per character and the same scheme of advancing down the street by defeating groups of enemies. It sold over 2.5 million copies within a year.

Beat 'em up

2020

Ultrakill

Arsi «Hakita» Patala (New Blood Interactive). Windows

An FPS with early-PlayStation-style graphics that adds the fast movement of modern shooters and elements of action games such as Devil May Cry. It has been in early access since 2020.

Boomer shooter

2021

Celeste Classic 2

Maddy Thorson, Noel Berry y Lena Raine. PICO-8, navegador

A free follow-up to Celeste Classic, made for PICO-8 on Celeste's third anniversary. Instead of the air dash you use a grappling hook that pulls you sideways and that you can chain with jumps. Its authors published it playable in the browser.

Platformer Precision platformer

2021

Doodle Champion Island Games

Google con Studio 4°C. navegador

A Google Doodle with seven sports mini-games (table tennis, skateboarding, archery, rugby, artistic swimming, climbing and marathon) linked by an island to explore. Each one simplifies its sport's rules down to one or two buttons.

Sports

2021

Inscryption

Daniel Mullins Games. Windows, macOS, Linux, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S

You play cards in a dark cabin against a mysterious opponent. Between matches you add or remove cards from your deck, many of which require sacrificing others to come into play, and you can leave the table to solve the cabin's puzzles.

Roguelike deck-builder Deckbuilder

2021

Pixel Crisis

ThePrinceofMars. navegador, Windows, Linux

An independent 2D homage to Time Crisis with sprite graphics. You play with mouse and keyboard or with a Sinden light gun, and its author publishes it free and playable in the browser. It is still in development.

Light-gun shooter

2021

Q1K3

Dominic Szablewski (PhobosLab). navegador

A tribute to Quake (1996) in about 13 kilobytes of JavaScript, made for the 2021 js13kGames competition. You move with the keyboard, aim with the mouse and fight through two levels based on Quake's first episode.

Boomer shooter First-person shooter

Twin-stick shooter

2021

Valheim

Iron Gate Studio. Windows, Linux

Norse-inspired castaways in a world generated region by region. You gather materials, craft tools and gear, put up shelters and defeat bosses, alone or with up to ten people.

Open-world survival craft

2021

Wordle

Josh Wardle (desde 2022, The New York Times). navegador

You have six tries to guess a five-letter word, and after each one the letters turn green, yellow or grey depending on whether they are in the right place, somewhere else or not in the word. There is a single word a day for everyone, which made it a talking point and a viral hit.

Word puzzle

2022

Absurdle

qntm (Sam Hughes). navegador

It plays like Wordle, but the game cheats on purpose. Each turn it swaps the answer for another that fits your hints, choosing the one that rules out the fewest words. You have unlimited tries, and the challenge is to corner it until only one word is left.

Word puzzle

2022

Captain Neat-o in Treasure Maze

David Couzelis. PICO-8, navegador

You run through a maze collecting treasure and dodging guardian snakes until you reach the exit. It is a short game, about three minutes long, made in PICO-8 for Toy Box Jam 3.

Maze

2022

Dying Dreams

Jani Nykänen. navegador

Thirteen side-view puzzles, with platforms and ladders, in which you move every figure on screen at once with the same arrow keys, and can undo and restart. It was made for js13kGames 2022 and ranked among that year's best.

Puzzle-platformer Puzzle

2022

PlateUp!

It's Happening. Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X/S

One to four players run a restaurant (taking orders, cooking, serving, washing dishes) over 15-day runs, choosing random upgrades and difficulty modifiers between days.

Cooking Business simulation

2022

PolyTrack

Kodub. navegador, Windows, macOS, Linux, Android

Time trials on low-poly tracks with loops and jumps, in the style of TrackMania; every millisecond counts, you can retry instantly and it has an editor to build and share tracks. Its author publishes it free and playable in the browser.

Racing

2023

Little Chef: Prototype

Julien, Danny-vD y hello erika. navegador, Windows, macOS

A 2D physics-based cooking game, played with the mouse alone, that invites you to experiment with ingredients and discover recipes. It is the free prototype that led to Little Chef Cozy Cooking.

Cooking

2023

Monster Battlegrounds

Weenter. navegador, Windows, Linux

A beginner-friendly independent 2D fighting game in which monsters with their own movesets fight one on one. It plays in the browser against the AI or against another person on the same keyboard.

Fighting

2023

Retro Commander

Noble Master Games. navegador, Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS

Classic-style post-apocalyptic real-time strategy, with skirmishes against the AI, a comic-book campaign and cross-platform multiplayer. It is played with a mouse or a touch screen.

Real-time strategy

2023

Venba

Visai Games. Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S

A narrative game in which you rebuild lost family recipes by trial and error. Each recipe is a puzzle, and between them you choose dialogue that tells the story of a migrant family.

Cooking

2024

Backstreet Warriors

SebaGamesDev. PICO-8, navegador, Windows, macOS, Linux

A minimalist PICO-8 beat 'em up in which you face 99 rivals non-stop in a back alley, with a three-hit combo, a jump kick and well-timed parries. Two players can share the keyboard.

Beat 'em up

2024

Balatro

LocalThunk. Windows, macOS, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, Nintendo Switch, Android, iOS

You play poker hands from a 52-card deck to beat ever higher scores, with limited hands and discards. Between rounds you buy jokers that change how scoring works and cards that modify your deck. It was made by a single developer.

Roguelike deck-builder Deckbuilder

2024

DR1V3N WILD

Frank Force. navegador

A retro-style arcade race, seen from behind the car, across ten stages with other AI-controlled vehicles; the game saves your best distance and your fastest time. It was made for js13kGames 2024, where the whole game fits in 13 kB, and its author published it playable in the browser (on itch.io it is called Driven Wild).

Racing

2024

NEHONOBASA

nizakashii. navegador, Windows

An independent bullet hell with four stages and a final boss. Holding fire slows the ship for precise dodging, and bombs that collide with each other clear the screen. Its author publishes it free and playable in the browser.

Bullet hell

2025

Cheese is the Reason

Studio Laaya. navegador, Windows

A short point-and-click adventure made in 72 hours for Ludum Dare 57. You go down into the depths of Rat City to unclog a customer's pipe, talking to characters and using items.

Point-and-click adventure Adventure

2025

Pico-Saga

stavguo. PICO-8, navegador

A turn-based tactical RPG inspired by Fire Emblem, with maps generated anew each game, a weapon triangle, terrain that changes movement and evasion, and castles to besiege.

Tactical RPG

2025

Worms 13k

Craig Smith. navegador

A tribute to Worms made in under 13 kilobytes for js13kGames 2025. Two teams of worms take turns attacking each other with bazookas, a minigun and cluster bombs on destructible terrain. It runs in the browser, on one keyboard or online.

Artillery game

2026

Dark Cone

Faraz The Web Guy. navegador

A top-down game jam prototype. You are locked in a facility with a creature that only moves when your light is not on it, and the flashlight battery drains while it is on. You have to find the key and the exit.

Survival horror